Why Evidence Hierarchy Matters
A product page can cite real studies while still implying more than those studies prove.
A Practical Evidence Hierarchy
Finished-product randomized trials > systematic reviews relevant to the exact intervention > ingredient trials > observational studies > mechanisms/animal research > testimonials.
Look at the Endpoint
A change in testosterone, inflammation or nitric oxide is not the same as a clinically meaningful improvement in urinary symptoms.
Match the Dose and Extract
Evidence is most relevant when the product uses the studied ingredient form and dose.
Watch for Sponsorship and Selective Citations
Seller-funded studies are not automatically invalid, but methods and replication matter.